Curriculm connections: Astronomy and by extension astrophysics is fascinating to the general public but largely absent from high school curricula. However, it's easy to fit it in. Dark Matter and Black Holes can be measured using Newton's Uuniversal Law of Gravity, his Second Law of Motion and his equations for circular motion. The Schwartzchild radius can be calculated using the conservation of energy - kinetic energy is changed into gravitational potential energy. The evidence for Hubble's Law comes from the Doppler Effect and using d = vt with the Hubble Law lets the students calculate the age of the universe.
1) Dark Matter
It seems that the majority of mass in our galaxy and all others cannot be seen.
This is not because it is very dim, it seems it can't be made of any type of
matter that we have ever detected. The evidence for this starts with high school
mechanics.
2) Dark Energy
3) The Big Bang
4) Black Holes